diff --git a/Courses/EE1M2_Calculus_and_Linear_Algebra.typ b/Courses/EE1M2_Calculus_and_Linear_Algebra.typ index 63562b0..fb8fa73 100644 --- a/Courses/EE1M2_Calculus_and_Linear_Algebra.typ +++ b/Courses/EE1M2_Calculus_and_Linear_Algebra.typ @@ -90,7 +90,14 @@ are referred to as *grid curves*. == Tangent vectors and normal vectors #proposition[ - Consider the vector function $r(u,v) = chevron.l x(u,v), y(u,v), z(u,v) chevron.r$ + Consider the vector function $r(u,v) = chevron.l x(u,v), y(u,v), z(u,v) chevron.r$, + then + + $ + r_u(u,v) = chevron.l x_u (u,v),y_u (u,v),z_u (u,v) chevron.r. + $ + + Similarly for $r_v (u,v)$ ] #remark[ @@ -100,12 +107,17 @@ are referred to as *grid curves*. ] #corollary[ - The vectors $r_u (u_0, v_0)$ and $r_v (u_0, v_0)$ ar + The vectors $r_u (u_0, v_0)$ and $r_v (u_0, v_0)$ are tangent to $S$ at the + position $r(u_0, v_0)$. ] #definition[ Let $P$ be a point in a surface $S$ that is not on the boundary of $S$. Then $S$ is called *smooth* at $P$ if $r_u "cross" r_v eq.not 0$ + + if $S$ is smooth at the point $P = r(u_0, v_0)$, then the *tangent plane* + to $S$ at the point $P$ is the plane spanned by the tangent vectors $r_u (u_0, v_0)$ + and $r_v (u_0, v_0)$ through $P$. ] #definition[ @@ -116,7 +128,7 @@ are referred to as *grid curves*. #theorem[ Suppose a parametric surface $S$, given by $r(u,v)$, is smooth ath the point $r(u_0, v_0)$. Then the vector $n=r_u (u_0, v_0) times r_v (u_0, v_0)$ is a normal - vector of $S$ at $r(u_0, v_0)$ + vector of $S$ at $r(u_0, v_0)$, provided it is nonzero. ] == Areas of parametric surfaces @@ -135,3 +147,17 @@ are referred to as *grid curves*. "area"(S) = integral.double_S d S = attach(limits(integral.double),b:D) |r_u times r_v| d u d v $ ] + +== Lecture 2 - Surface Integrals + +*Orientable surfaces* are surfaces which have a "top" and a "bottom". + +#definition[ + The *surface integral* of $f$ over a surface $cal(S)$ in $RR^3$ is + + $ + attach(limits(integral.double), b: cal(S)) f d cal(S) = lim_(m arrow infinity) lim_(n arrow infinity) sum_(i=1)^(m) sum_(j=1)^n f(P_(i j)) Delta cal(S)_(i j) + $ + + A surface integral over a *closed surface* $cal(S)$ is denoted as $integral.surf_cal(S) f d cal(S)$. +]