diff --git a/Courses/WB2235_Signals_and_Systems.typ b/Courses/WB2235_Signals_and_Systems.typ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62c2934 --- /dev/null +++ b/Courses/WB2235_Signals_and_Systems.typ @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +#import "../template/lib.typ": * +#set page(paper: "a4") +#show: notes.with( + title: [WB2235], + subtitle: [Signals and Systems], + author: "Folkert Kevelam" +) + += Lecture 1 - Continuous and discrete-time signals + +#definition[ + A signal is a variable changing in a relation to another variable. +] + +== Continuous-time signals vs discrete-time signals + +=== Signals in continuous-time + +The independent variable $t$ exists in $RR$ and exists between $-infinity$ +and $infinity$. *sampling* converts a continuous-time signal and converts it +into a discrete-time signal. + +==== Properties + +Total energy of $x(t)$ over interval $t_1 <= t <= t_2$ + +$ + integral_(t_1)^(t_2) |x(t)|^2 d t +$ + +Average power of $x(t)$ over interval $t_1 <= t <= t_2$ + +$ + 1/(t_2 - t_1) integral_(t_1)^(t_2) |x(t)|^2 d t +$ + +==== Operations + +- Time Shift: $x_2(t) = x(t - t_0)$ +- Reverse: $x_2(t) = x(-t)$ +- Scaling: $x_2(t) = x(alpha t)$ \ + $|alpha| > 1 arrow$ linearly compressed signals \ + $|alpha| < 1 arrow$ linearly stretched signals +- Time transformation: $x_2(t) = x(alpha t + beta)$ \ + First shift then scale + +==== Periodic signals + +#definition[ + A signal $x(t)$ is periodic with period $T$ if: + + $ + forall t: x(t + T) = x(t) + $ + + with $T in RR, T > 0$ +] + +==== Even and Odd Signals + +#definition[ + A signal $x(t)$ is even if + + $ + forall t: x(-t) = x(t) + $ +] + +#definition[ + A signal $x(t)$ is odd if + + $ + forall t: x(-t) = -x(t) + $ +] + +=== Signals in discrete-time + +The independent variable $n$ lives in $ZZ$ and exists between some finite +points. The book uses the syntax $x[n]$ to denote a discrete-signal in time. +A discrete-time signal only has a value at the sampling points. *interpolation* +converts a discrete-time signal to a continuous-time signal. + +==== Inherently digital signals + +when the independent variable is inherently discrete. + +==== Properties + +Total energy of $x[n]$ over interval $n_1 <= n <= n_2$ is + +$ + sum_(n=n_1)^(n_2) |x[n]|^2 +$ + +Average power of $x[n]$ over interval $n_1 <= n <= n_2$ is + +$ + 1/(n_2 - n_1 + 1) sum_(n=n_1)^(n_2) |x[n]|^2 +$ + +==== Operations + +- Time shift: $x_2[n] = x[n-n_0]$ +- Reverse: $x_2[n] = x[-n]$ +- Scaling: $x_2[n] = x[alpha n]$ \ + $|alpha| > 1 arrow$ linearly compressed signals \ + $|alpha| < 1 arrow$ linearly strecthed signals \ + when $alpha$ is larger than 1, lose information due to decimation. \ + when $alpha$ is smaller than 1, we need to interpolate to add more information. +- Time transformation: $x_2[n] = x[alpha n + beta]$ + +==== Periodic signals + +#definition[ + A signal $x(n)$ is periodic with period $N$ if: + + $ + forall n: x[n + N] = x[t] + $ + + with $N in NN, N > 0$ +] + +==== Even and Odd Signals + +#definition[ + A signal $x[n]$ is even if + + $ + forall n: x[-n] = x[n] + $ +] + +#definition[ + A signal $x[n]$ is odd if + + $ + forall n: x[-t] = -x[n] + $ +] + +=== Elementary Signals + +==== Sinusoidal Signals + +CT: $x(t) = A cos(omega t + phi)$ +Same as: $x(t) = A sin(omega t + phi + pi/2)$ + +with: +- $A$ amplitude +- $omega$ angular frequency [radians/time] +- $phi$ phase [radians] + +DT: $x[n] = A cos(omega n + phi)$ +Same as: $x[n] = A sin(omega n + phi + pi/2)$ + +with: +- $A$ amplitude +- $omega$ angular frequency [radians/time] +- $phi$ phase [radians] + +==== Exponential Signals + +CT: $x(t) = C e^(alpha t)$ + +with: +- $C$ complex number +- $alpha$ complex number + +==== Unit impulse and unit step signals